Probiotics reshape the coral microbiome in situ without detectable off-target effects in the surrounding environment

by Nathalia Delgadillo-Ordoñez, Neus Garcia-Bonet, Inês Raimundo, Francisca C García, Helena Villela, Eslam O Osman, Erika P Santoro, Joao Curdia, Joao G. D. Rosado, Pedro Cardoso, Ahmed Alsaggaf, Adam Barno, Chakkiath Paul Antony, Carolina Bocanegra, Michael L. Berumen, Christian R. Voolstra, Francesca Benzoni, Susana Carvalho, Raquel S Peixoto
Research article Year: 2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06135-3

Abstract

Beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMCs), or probiotics, can enhance coral resilience against stressors in laboratory trials. However, the ability of probiotics to restructure the coral microbiome in situ is yet to be determined. As a first step to elucidate this, we inoculated putative probiotic bacteria (pBMCs) on healthy colonies of Pocillopora verrucosa in situ in the Red Sea, three times per week, during 3 months. pBMCs significantly influenced the coral microbiome, while bacteria of the surrounding seawater and sediment remained unchanged. The inoculated genera HalomonasPseudoalteromonas, and Bacillus were significantly enriched in probiotic-treated corals. Furthermore, the probiotic treatment also correlated with an increase in other beneficial groups (e.g., Ruegeria and Limosilactobacillus), and a decrease in potential coral pathogens, such as Vibrio. As all corals (treated and non-treated) remained healthy throughout the experiment, we could not track health improvements or protection against stress. Our data indicate that healthy, and therefore stable, coral microbiomes can be restructured in situ, although repeated and continuous inoculations may be required in these cases. Further, our study provides supporting evidence that, at the studied scale, pBMCs have no detectable off-target effects on the surrounding microbiomes of seawater and sediment near inoculated corals.

Keywords

Probiotics Microbiome Coral reefs Beneficial microorganisms for corals Red Sea